A Pneumatic conveying primarily operates on two principles: dilute phase conveying and dense phase conveying. Dilute phase conveying relies on a high airflow velocity to suspend materials in the pipeline for transportation, while dense phase conveying uses lower airflow velocity and higher air pressure to move materials in the form of plug flow or slug flow within the pipeline.

A Material characteristics such as particle size, density, moisture content, and stickiness can significantly impact the effectiveness of pneumatic conveying. For example, materials with smaller particle sizes and higher densities may require higher conveying velocities. Materials with high moisture content or strong stickiness are prone to agglomeration, which can cause blockages and may require special handling and conveying methods.

A The selection of equipment depends on factors such as material characteristics, conveying distance, conveying capacity, and conveying method. For instance, rotary valve pneumatic conveying equipment may be suitable for powdered materials over short distances, while a dense phase conveying system like a pressure vessel pump may be required for granular materials and long-distance conveying.

A Fan selection should be based on the required airflow and pressure of the system. Typically, the pressure loss and required airflow under different operating conditions of the pneumatic conveying system need to be calculated first. Based on these calculations, a suitable fan model and specification can be selected. Additionally, factors such as fan efficiency, reliability, and operating costs should also be considered.

A The design of a pneumatic conveying system requires the following parameters:

Pos.	Subject
1	Material Name
2	Particle Size D90
3	Bulk Density
4	True Density
5	Moisture Content
6	Material Temperature
7	Production Capacity
8	Material (or “Material of Construction” if referring to equipment)
9	Breakage Rate Requirement
10	Horizontal Distance
11	Vertical Distance
12	Bend Pipe Requirements
13	Fluidity

A The pipeline layout should minimize bends and diameter changes to reduce resistance. The pipeline slope should be reasonably set according to the material characteristics and conveying direction to avoid material deposition. Additionally, the support and fixation of the pipeline must be considered to ensure the stability and safety of the system.

A Common faults include pipeline blockages, equipment wear, and air leakage. Pipeline blockages may be caused by material clumping or insufficient conveying velocity and can be resolved by clearing the pipeline or adjusting the air velocity. Equipment wear can be addressed through regular inspections and replacement of worn components. Air leakage requires locating the leakage points and sealing them appropriately.

A Daily maintenance includes regularly inspecting the operating condition of equipment such as fans, pumps, and valves; cleaning accumulated material from pipelines and equipment; checking pipeline wear and sealing performance; and lubricating and maintaining the equipment.

A The main components include energy costs, such as the power consumption of fans and pumps; equipment maintenance costs, including repairs and replacement of parts; and material loss costs, such as losses caused by material leakage during conveying.

A Advantages include high conveying efficiency, cleanliness and environmental friendliness, high automation, and the ability to achieve long-distance conveying. In terms of cost-effectiveness, although the initial equipment investment may be higher, in the long term, its stable operation, relatively low maintenance costs, increased production efficiency, and reduced material losses result in better overall cost-effectiveness. It is particularly suitable for large-scale, high-demand material conveying scenarios.